Urology is the surgical specialty that focuses on the urinary tracts of males and females Kerry Wynn Jersey , and on the reproductive system of males. Medical professionals specializing in the field of urology are called urologists and are trained to diagnose, treat, and manage patients with urological disorders. Moreover, the organs covered by urology include the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra Orleans Darkwa Jersey , and the male reproductive organs (testes, epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicles, prostate and penis). Both Urologists and General Surgeons operate on the adrenal glands. In men, the urinary system overlaps with the reproductive system, and in women the urinary tract opens into the vulva. In both sexes Brandon Marshall Jersey , the urinary and reproductive tracts are close together, and disorders of one often affect the other.

Urology combines management of medical (i.e. non-surgical) problems such as urinary tract infections and benign prostatic hyperplasia, as well as surgical problems such as the surgical management of cancers, the correction of congenital abnormalities, and correcting stress incontinence. Urology is closely related to, and in some cases overlaps with, the medical fields of oncology Ereck Flowers Jersey , nephrology, gynecology, andrology, pediatric surgery, gastroenterology, and endocrinology. As a discipline that involves the study of many organs and physiological systems, urology can be broken down into subfields. At larger centers and especially university hospitals Darian Thompson Jersey , many urologists sub-specialize within a particular field of urology.

Endourology is the branch of urology that deals basically with minimally invasive surgical procedures. As opposed to open surgery, endourology is performed using small cameras and instruments inserted into the urinary tract. Traditionally, transurethral surgery has been the cornerstone of endourology. Via the urethra, the complete urinary tract can be reached, enabling prostate surgery, surgery of tumors of the urothelium, stone surgery Sterling Shepard Jersey , and simple urethral and ureteral procedures. Laparoscopy is a rapidly evolving branch of Urology and has replaced some open surgical procedures. Robotic assisted surgery of the prostate, kidney, and ureter has been expanding this field. Today, the majority of prostatectomies in the U.S. are carried out by robotic surgery .

This has created controversy, however, as the machines are very expensive, require a dedicated surgical team Eli Apple Jersey , have high maintenance costs, and to date the only proven benefit of a robotic prostatectomy to an open one is less blood loss. Urologic oncology concerns the surgical treatment of malignant genitourinary diseases such as cancer of the prostate, adrenal glands, bladder, kidneys, ureters, testicles and penis. The medical treatment of advanced genitourinary cancer is managed by either a Urologist or an Oncologist depending on the cancer.

Andrology focuses on the male reproductive system. It is mainly concerned with male infertility Wayne Gallman Jersey , erectile dysfunction and ejaculatory disorders. Since male sexuality is largely controlled by hormones, andrology overlaps with endocrinology. Surgery in this field includes fertilization procedures, vasectomy reversals, and the implantation of penile prostheses. Vasectomies may also be included here although most Urologists perform this procedure.

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